Mango leaves (Mangifera indica) are widely used in traditional medicine and have gained scientific attention for their broad biological activities. Rich in bioactive compounds like mangiferin, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids, mango leaves exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, gastroprotective hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and other bioactivities. These activities are linked to their ability to neutralize free radicals, modulate signaling pathways, and inhibit pathogenic microorganisms. Mango leaf extracts show promise in managing metabolic disorders, skin conditions, and age-related damage. Despite promising preclinical results, further clinical studies are needed to validate their therapeutic potential and safety in humans.

Coffee is among the favorite drinks in Vietnam and many other countries. Production and consumption of coffee have released a huge amount of spent coffee ground. This study aimed to determine phenolic acids and fatty acids of spent coffee grounds collected in Ho Chi Minh city and how phenolic acid profile was affected by different environmentally friendly extractants. The results showed that average level of chlorogenic acid in ethanol/water extracts (840.4 779.9 ug/g) was significantly higher compared to water extracts (300.0 ug/g). Furthermore, the average total level of phenolic acids in ethanol/water extracts (1215.3 ug/g dry weight) was greater than that in the water extracts (779.9 ug/g dry weight). This indicated that ethanol/water outperformed water in regard to extraction of phenolic acids in the spent coffee grounds. Oil extracted from the spent coffee grounds was rich in linoleic acid (61 ug/g) and palmitic acid (47 ug/g). The findings of our study showed that the spent coffee grounds originating in Vietnam are a good source of phenolic acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids that could be utilized for food and nutraceutical production.